Ngā Whakatūpato mō te Hononga Whatunga o ngā Huinga Whakaputa Hiko Tīhi me te Hiko ā-Rohe

(2) Manatokohia ngā Tawhā Taputapu kia Whakaritea ai te Taurite

Ko te kaupapa matua mō te hononga whatunga ongā huinga whakaputa hikoKo te mea nui o te mana ā-tāone ko te ōrite o ngā tawhā hiko o ngā mea e rua. He rite tēnei ki te hononga o ngā taputapu hurihuri e rua, me tutuki ai te "rahi ōrite, te tere ōrite, me ngā niho ōrite". Ina koa, me tutuki ēnei āhuatanga matua e 4, kaua rawa tetahi o ēnei e ngaro:

• Raupapa Wāhanga PūmauMe tino ōrite ngā putanga wāhanga-toru A, B, me C o te huinga whakaputa hiko ki ngā wāhanga-toru A, B, me C o te hiko ā-rohe, koinei te kaupapa matua o te hononga whatunga. Mēnā he hē te raupapa wāhanga, ka arahi pea ki ngā aituā kino pērā i ngā ara iahiko poto me ngā pahūtanga taputapu. Ka taea te manatoko i te raupapa wāhanga mā te mita raupapa wāhanga hei whakarite kia tika te waea.
• Ngaohiko ōriteMe rite te uara whai hua o te ngaohiko putanga o te huinga whakaputa hiko ki te ngaohiko hiko ā-tāone, me te tuku i te rerekētanga iti o te ±0.5%. Mena he teitei rawa te ngaohiko, ka tukuna te mana tauhohe ki te whatunga; ki te iti rawa te ngaohiko, kāore e taea e te huinga whakaputa hiko te tu atu i te kawenga kua whakaritea. Ka taea te whakarite i te ia whakaoho mā te Kaiwhakahaere Ngaohiko Aunoa (AVR) kia tutuki ai te taurite ngaohiko.
• Auautanga ōriteKo te auau paerewa o te hiko ā-tāone i Haina he 50Hz. Me tino ōrite te auau putanga o te huinga whakaputa hiko ki te auau hiko ā-tāone, me te whakahaere i te rerekētanga i roto i te ±0.05Hz. Mēnā kāore i te ōrite te auau, ka puta he wiri hiko i waenga i te waeine me te whatunga hiko, ka kino hoki ngā taputapu. Ka taea te whakatutuki i te ōritetanga auau mā te whakarerekē i te tere o te miihini tīhiera.
• Wāhanga TukutahiMe tino rite te koki ā-wāhanga o te ngaohiko putanga o te huinga whakaputa hiko ki te koki ā-rohe o te ngaohiko hiko ā-tāone, ā, me tata te rerekētanga o te ngaohiko inamata ki te kore. Koinei te āhuatanga tino uaua. Mā te nui rawa o te peka ā-wāhanga ka puta he iahiko nui, ka tahuna te takai whakaputa hiko, ka whati hoki te pou hurihuri. Ka taea te aroturuki me te whakarite mā te whakamahi i tētahi taputapu tukutahi aunoa, i tētahi taputapu tukutahi aunoa rānei.

(3) Tirohia te Tūnga o ngā Taputapu, ā, Whakakorea ngā Tūponotanga Huna

I mua i te hononga whatunga, me tirotiro whānui te huinga hiko tīhi me ngā taputapu tautoko kia kore ai he hapa, he tūponotanga huna rānei: tuatahi, tirohia te huinga hiko tonu, tīmatahia te waeine kia kore e utaina, whakaū kei te noa te pāmahana wai, te pāmahana hinu, me te pēhanga hinu, kāore he haruru rerekē, he wiri nui rānei, ā, kāore te mana putanga i raro i te 85% o te mana kua whakatauria; tuarua, tirohia ngā taputapu e pā ana ki te whatunga, tae atu ki ngā taputapu whakahaere tukutahi, ngā kaiwawao hiko e hono ana ki te whatunga, ngā whakawhiti tiaki, me ētahi atu, kia mau ai ngā waea, ngā taputapu tairongo, me ngā taputapu ora tonu me te whai hua pērā i te tiaki hiko whakamuri, te tiaki iahiko nui, me te tiaki iahiko poto; tuatoru, tirohia te taiao o te rūma rorohiko, kei te whakahaerehia te pāmahana o te rūma rorohiko i te 5℃-35℃, kei raro iho i te 75% te haumākū whanaunga, ā, he pai te hauhautanga kia kore ai e ngoikore te tohatoha wera o te waeine. I taua wā anō, rāhuitia te hinu tīhi kia nui, whakatakotoria kia neke atu i te rua ngā tāke rokiroki hinu hei whakahaere i te maturuturunga o te hinu hou, ā, kia whakarite kei te tukuna te wai whakamatao e te kaha ā-papa kia kore ai e pāngia e te motuhanga o te hiko ā-tāone.

II. I te wā e hono ana te whatunga hiko: Whakapūmautia ngā tikanga whakahaere, ā, karohia ngā mōrearea whakahaere

Me whai ngā mahi hononga whatunga i te mātāpono o te "kitenga tuatahi, kātahi ka whakatikatika, ā, ka mutu, ka kati", ā, me whakahaere e ngā kaiwhakahaere ngaio puta noa i te tukanga. Kāore e whakaaetia kia uru atu ngā kaimahi kore-ngaio. Ko ngā tikanga me ngā whakatūpato motuhake koia ēnei:

(1) Kōwhiria te Tikanga Hononga Whatunga Tika

E rua ngā tikanga hononga whatunga noa, me whiriwhiri kia rite ki te horopaki tūturu: tuatahi, te hononga whatunga aunoa. Mā te taputapu whakahaere tukutahi (pērā i ngā kaiwhakahaere matatau pērā i a Deep Sea me ComAp), ka aroturukihia e ia ngā tawhā o te whatunga hiko me te huinga whakaputa hiko i te wā tūturu, ka whakarite aunoa i te tere me te ngaohiko, ka hopu i te pūwāhi tukutahi, kātahi ka tukuna aunoa he whakahau kati. He pai mō ngā waeine nui, ngā horopaki rānei he nui ngā whakaritenga mō te haere tonu o te tuku hiko, me te mahi whai hua me te tika; tuarua, te hononga whatunga ā-ringa. Tirohia ngā tawhā mā te synchroscope me ngā rama tohu tukutahi, whakarite ā-ringa i te tere o te miihini tīhiera me te ia whakaoho, ā, ka kati ā-ringa i te pana i muri i te whakataurite i ngā tawhā. He pai mō ngā waeine iti, me whai wheako nui ngā kaiwhakahaere me te kaha ki te aromatawai tika i te pūwāhi tukutahi.

Me mōhio ka taea te whakamahi i te tikanga rama pōuri, te tikanga hurihanga mārama rānei hei aromatawai i te āhua tukutahi mō te hononga whatunga ā-ringa: ka aromatawaihia e te tikanga rama pōuri te rerekētanga o te ngaohiko mā te whakakā me te whakaweto o te pūangi, ā, ka aromatawaihia e te tikanga hurihanga mārama te rerekētanga auau me te raupapatanga ā-wāhanga mā te tere hurihanga me te ahunga o te mārama. Mēnā ka tahuri, ka whakaweto rānei ngā rama i te wā kotahi, he tohu tēnei kei te hapa raupapatanga ā-wāhanga, ā, me whakarite te waea i mua i te ngana anō.

(2) Whakatinanahia kia Pūmau ngā Whakatakotoranga Mahi Kati

Ina whakaatu te taputapu tukutahi kua tino ōrite ngā tawhā (kei roto katoa te rerekētanga ngaohiko, te rerekētanga auau, me te rerekētanga ā-wāhanga i te awhe e whakaaetia ana), ka taea te mahi kati: me ata whakahaere te kaiwawao ara iahiko e hono ana ki te whatunga i te wā kati hei karo i te iahiko tomo mai i puta mai i te tere rawa o te mahi; tirohia tonutia te āhua o te mahi a te waeine i muri i te kati, tae atu ki ngā tawhā pēnei i te iahiko, te ngaohiko, te auau, me te mana, me te whakaū kāore he hapa. Mena he raruraru pēnei i te iahiko tomo nui me te haruru rerekē o te waeine, me whakatuwhera tonu te pana, ā, ka taea te whakamātau anō i te hononga whatunga i muri i te rapurongoā.

He whakamaumahara motuhake: Kāore e whakaaetia te kati ā-ringa ina kore e ōrite ngā tawhā. Ko tēnei hononga whatunga kore-tukutahi te mahi tino morearea, ka puta he taipana miihini nui me te ia hiko e tomo mai ana, ka arahi pea ki te kino o te takai whakaputa hiko, te pahūtanga o te kaiwawao hiko, ā, ka pā pea ki te whatunga hiko ā-tāone, ka whakawhānui ake i te whānuitanga o te hapa.

(3) Whakawhiti Utaina Ātaahua

I muri i te katinga angitu, kāore e taea te whakawhiti tonu i te kawenga katoa ki te huinga whakaputa hiko. Me whakanui haere i te kawenga: tuatahi, whakahaerehia he kawenga māmā mō tētahi wā, tirohia mēnā he pumau ngā tawhā waeine, kātahi ka whakanui haere i te kawenga ki te ōwehenga kua whakaritea kia kore ai e nekeneke te auau me te mura o te waeine nā te tāpiringa ohorere o te kawenga. I taua wā anō, me whakarite te tohatoha kawenga mā te pūnaha whakahaere hiko kia tika ai te tohatoha o te kawenga i waenga i te huinga whakaputa hiko me te hiko ā-rohe. Mena he maha ngā huinga whakaputa hiko e hono ana ki te whatunga hiko, me whakarite kia ōrite te tohatoha o te mana hohe me te mana tauhohe, kia kore ai e nui rawa te uta o tētahi waeine, ā, e iti rawa te uta o tētahi atu, ā, kia kore ai e mura ngā taputapu i te rere o te mana tauhohe.

III. I muri i te Hononga Whatunga: Whakapakari i te Aroturuki Haumaru me te Whakarite i te Mahi Pūmau

Ehara te hononga whatunga angitu i te mutunga. Ko te aroturukitanga ā-wā tonu me te tiakitanga haumaru ngā mea nui hei whakarite i te mahi pumau mō te wā roa. Me arotahi ki ēnei āhuatanga e whai ake nei:

(1) Te Aroturukitanga Wā-tūturu o ngā Tawhā Mahi

Whakaritea he kaimahi motuhake e mahi ana ki te aroturuki i ngā tawhā whakahaere o te huinga whakaputa hiko me te hiko ā-tāone i te wā tonu, tae atu ki te ngaohiko, te auau, te iahiko, te hiko, te āhua, te pāmahana wai, te pāmahana hinu, me ētahi atu, me te pupuri i ngā tuhinga whakahaere. Mēnā ka kitea he tawhā rerekē (pērā i te pikinga o te auau i te awhe e whakaaetia ana, te pikinga me te hekenga ohorere o te ngaohiko, te hiko whakamuri, me ētahi atu), me mahi tonu ngā mahi. Mēnā e tika ana, tapahia te pana hono-pūnaha, momotuhia te huinga whakaputa hiko mai i te pūnaha, ka hono anō ki te pūnaha i muri i te rapu raruraru. I roto i ēnei, ko te tiaki hiko whakamuri te mea nui. Ina tukuna te hiko e te pūnaha ki te huinga whakaputa hiko (ka huri te huinga whakaputa hiko hei motuka hiko), me mahi tonu te whakawhiti hiko whakamuri ki te tapahi i te ara iahiko me te ārai i te tōia me te pakaru o te miihini tīhiera.

(2) Kia Pai te Mahi i roto i te Wehenga Hiko me te Tiaki Whenua

Ina honoa te huinga whakaputa hiko ki te whatunga hiko ā-rohe, me whakatū he taputapu wehewehe hiko pono, me tāuta hoki he taputapu raka hei ārai i te hononga whatunga hē. I taua wā anō, me whakamahi te anga whakarewa, te whāriki, me ētahi atu o te huinga whakaputa hiko i tētahi tikanga whenua noa, ā, me hono tika, me pūmau hoki te tinana whenua, me te uara ātete whakamahana neke atu i te 0.5MΩ, hei ārai i ngā aituā ru hiko, i ngā kino rānei o ngā taputapu nā te whenua ngoikore. Hei tāpiri, e tino āraia ana te whakarara matapōkere i te pūtake hiko o te huinga whakaputa hiko ki te hiko ā-rohe, ā, kāore e whakaaetia te hononga whatunga kore whakamana me te kore e whakatūria he taputapu raka.

(3) Whakapūmau i te Mahi Momotu

Ina hiahiatia kia whakawetohia, kia hoki rānei te hiko ā-rohe ki te āhua noa, me whakawhiti mārie te kawenga o te huinga whakaputa hiko ki te hiko ā-rohe i te tuatahi. Kia tata te kawenga o te waeine ki te kore (kia iti rawa rānei te hiko whakamuri), ka tukuna te whakahau whakatuwhera hei momotu i te huinga whakaputa hiko mai i te whatunga hiko. Whai muri i te momotu, me whakahaere te huinga whakaputa hiko me te kore kawenga mō tētahi wā, kātahi ka whakawetohia i muri i te whakamatao kia kore ai e pakaru ngā taputapu i puta mai i te whakaweto pāmahana teitei. Ki te hoki te hiko ā-rohe ki te āhua noa, me whakarite kia huri aunoa te waeine ki te pūtake hiko ā-rohe, ā, ka puta aunoa te waeine i te mahi ka whakaweto me te whakaroa, e tutuki ana i ngā whakaritenga o te paerewa GB51348-2019.

IV. Te Whakahaere me te Tiaki i ia Rā: Te Tirotiro me te Tiaki i ia Rā hei Whakaiti i te Tūponotanga o te Hapa

Ko te whakahaere me te tiaki i ia rā te tūāpapa mō te whakarite i te haumaru o te hononga whatunga. Me whakatū he pūnaha tiaki katoa hei tirotiro, hei tiaki, hei whakamātautau hoki i ngā taputapu. Ko ngā kaupapa motuhake koia ēnei:

• Te Mahi Whakamātautau AuauWhakahaerehia he whakamātautau kore-uta o te huinga whakaputa hiko kotahi i te marama, i ia wā mō te iti rawa o te 15 meneti, hei tirotiro i te mahi tīmatanga o te waeine, te aro o te taputapu, me te tūnga mahi o ngā taputapu; whakahaerehia he whakamātautau uta kotahi i te hauwhā hei whakatauira i te horopaki hononga whatunga me te manatoko i te whai huatanga o te taputapu tukutahi me te taputapu tiaki.
• Te Tiaki TaputapuWhakakapia tonutia te hinu tīhiera, te hinu miihini, te wai whakamatao, me ngā tātari hau, ā, tirohia mēnā he turuturu kei roto i ngā paipa wahie me ngā pūnaha whakamatao; whakatikatikahia tonutia ngā taputapu pēnei i ngā taputapu tukutahi, ngā kaiwhakahaere hiko, me ngā whakawhiti tiaki kia tika ai ngā tawhā; i ngā wāhi makariri, me whakarato whakamahana mō te rūma rorohiko kia pai ai te tīmata o te waeine i roto i te āhuatanga ohorere.
• Te Whakatau Rapanga Hapa: Whakatūria he kaute hapa, tuhia i te wā tika, ā, rapua ngā raruraru e puta ana i te wā e hono ana te whatunga hiko (pēnei i te rahunga o te hononga whatunga hiko, te tohatoha hiko kāore i te ōrite, te nui rawa o te tohanga, me ētahi atu), tātarihia te pūtake o te hapa, ā, karohia te hokinga mai o ngā raruraru ōrite. Hei tauira, ki te kore e ōrite te tohatoha hiko, tera pea nā te kaiārahi kua mau, nā te waea hē rānei o te whakawhiti hiko, me whakatika me te whakatika i te wā tika.
• Whakangungu KaimahiMe whiwhi ngā kaiwhakahaere i te whakangungu ngaio, me mōhio ki ngā tikanga whakahaere hononga whatunga, te mahi taputapu, me ngā mahi whakatūpato haumaru, ā, ka taea anake te mahi i muri i te whiwhinga i te aromatawai. Kāore e whakaaetia te mahi kore mana; me whakarite i ngā whakangungu ohorere i ia wā hei whakapai ake i te kaha o ngā kaiwhakahaere ki te whakahaere i ngā hapa ohorere.

V. Whakarāpopototanga: Whakautehia ngā Whakatakotoranga me te Whakatutuki i te Hononga Whatunga Haumaru

He mahi tino tika te hononga whatunga o ngā huinga whakaputa hiko tīhiera ki te hiko ā-tāone, "he rite tonu te pai ki te maero kotahi". Ehara i te mea me tutuki noa ngā tikanga hangarau tino pakari, engari me whai hoki i ngā tikanga whakahaere paerewa, me te aro nui ki te mahi o ia rā, te tiaki me te tiaki haumaru. Mai i te whakahaere tohu me te manatoko tawhā i mua i te hononga whatunga, ki te mahi paerewa me te whakawhiti kawenga i te wā e hono ana te whatunga, ā, ki te aroturukitanga me te momotu i te wā tūturu i muri i te hononga whatunga, kāore e taea e ia hononga te mangere.

Me whakanui rawa atu, kāore e whakaaetia kia whakamahia ngā taputapu e hono ana ki te whatunga hiko e ngā kaimahi kore-ngaio. Ko te hononga whatunga hiko kore whakamana me te mahi koretake, ehara i te mea ka kino noa iho ngā taputapu, engari ka puta hoki ngā pakaru o te whatunga hiko me ngā aituā haumaru whaiaro. Mō ngā kaiwhakamahi hiko tārua noa, ki te kore e hiahiatia he hononga whatunga hiko mō te wā roa, ko te pana whakawhiti aunoa "whakaputa hiko ā-rohe" (ATS) paerewa he kōwhiringa haumaru ake, he ohanga ake, he pai ake hoki te whakamahi.

Mā te whakaute i ngā whakaritenga hangarau, te whakatinanatanga tika i ngā tikanga whakahaere, me te mahi pai i ngā mahi whakahaere me te tiaki o ia rā ka taea e tātou te whakamahi katoa i ngā painga o te hononga whatunga o ngā huinga whakaputa hiko tīhiera me te hiko ā-rohe, te whakatutuki i te tuku hiko haumaru, pumau, me te whai hua, me te tautoko i te whakaputa me te roa o te ora.